Josephine became Empress of France in 1804 and for well over a decade she would play an important role in the development of plants and the evolution of botany.

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The human desire for more than a subsistence lifestyle is fulfilled, to a large degree, by the beauty and visual satisfaction we find in gardens. The organization of gardens at different times in history and in different places has been based on assumptions about ‘man’s relationship with nature’.  Gardens emphasize the two worlds we live [...]

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From the earliest times gardens were associated with shade, running water; fragrance and fresh produce and therefore represented peace and prosperity. Each visit to a garden is a unique experience because its plants, ornaments, views and garden buildings appear in a sequence that can never exactly be repeated ever again. Another quality, not possessed by [...]

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An impressive woman in her own right, Marie Joséphine Rose Tascher de la Pagerie de Beauharnais (1763-1814) or Josephine (as Napoleon decided she should be known) would aid, through her influence and abilities, Napoleon Bonaparte’s route to power and have a profound influence on the future of horticulture.

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The Culture Concept Circle’s comprehensive course of study the Evolution of Art, Design & Style contains sumptuous imagery and beautiful music. The course traces humankind’s journey from antiquity to the modern age by surveying the evolution of painting, sculpture, architecture, interiors, gardens, music and much much more. It includes the intimate world of the fashionable [...]

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Gardens throughout Europe and England in the C17 required that their designers, apart from an extensive knowledge of plant material, were also skilled at engineering and aesthetics.

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